Mastering CTE: Escape Subquery Hell Once and For All

-- Hard to read nested subqueries
SELECT
    user_id,
    total_amount,
    user_avg,
    total_amount - user_avg as diff
FROM (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        SUM(amount) as total_amount,
        AVG(SUM(amount)) OVER () as user_avg
    FROM (
        SELECT
            user_id,
            amount
        FROM orders
        WHERE status = 'completed'
          AND created_at >= '2024-01-01'
    ) filtered_orders
    GROUP BY user_id
) user_totals
WHERE total_amount > user_avg;